Penjelasan Direct dan Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) - Direct dan
Indirect Speech merupakan materi grammar bahasa Inggris yang banyak diajarkan
di jenjang SMP dan SMA. Direct dan Indirect Speech atau yang biasa disebut
Reported Speech ini menjadi langganan bentuk soal yang sering keluar di UN baik
untuk SMP dan SMA.
Atas
dasar begitu pentingnya materi Direct dan Indirect Speech ini, maka pada kesempatan
kali ini penulis memberikan penjelasan mengenai Direct dan Inderct tersebut
dengan lengkap kepada pengunjung sekalian. Semoga bermanfaat.
Direct
dan Indirect Speech
Ketika
kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal
yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis,
pronoun (kata ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and
place).
Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").
- He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me, "why do you come late."
Sedangkan
Reported Speech adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.
- He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me, "why do you come late."
Untuk
itu, pada artikel ini penulis sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai
direct dan indirect speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.
1.
Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika
kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu
terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering
digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika
klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda
petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that"
atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
|
He
said that he had a present for me in his bag.
|
|
02
|
He
asked me, "why do you come late."
|
He
asked me why I came late.
|
|
03
|
He
orderd me, "don't bring a bag."
|
He
ordered me to didn't bring a bag.
|
Perubahan
struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat
tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk
kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no
question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
They
asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?"
|
They
asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
|
|
02
|
He
asked me, "Does she want to mary me?"
|
He
asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.
|
Untuk
kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When,
WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai
berikut:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
asked me, "why do you come late?"
|
He
asked me why you came late.
|
|
02
|
He
asked me, "what does she eat?"
|
He
asked me what she ate.
|
|
03
|
He
asked me, "when did you come?"
|
He
asked me when I came.
|
|
04
|
He
asked me, "who are you?"
|
He
asked me who I was.
|
|
05
|
He
asked me, "who is she?"
|
He
asked me who she was.
|
2.
Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti
yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi
tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini.
Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah
dimengerti.
Di
bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
Simple
Present
|
Simple
Past
|
|
02
|
Present
Continuous
|
Past
Continuous
|
|
03
|
Present
Future
|
Past
Future
|
|
04
|
Present
Perfect
|
Past
Perfect
|
|
05
|
Present
Perfect Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
|
06
|
Simple
Past
|
Past
Perfect
|
|
07
|
Past
Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
Atau
bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
V1
(eat)
|
V2
(ate)
|
|
02
|
V2
(ate)
|
Had
+ V3 (had eaten)
|
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
|
05
|
Do/does
not
|
Did
not
|
|
06
|
Did
not
|
Had
not + V3
|
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had
been
|
|
08
|
Am/is/are
+ V-ing
|
Was/were
+ V-ing
|
|
09
|
Was/were
+V-ing
|
Had
been + V-ing
|
|
10
|
Has/have
+ V3
|
Had
+ V3
|
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had
to
|
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would
+ V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would
+ have+ V3/been
|
3.
Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan
pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di
direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun
pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
- Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He said, ‘I am
busy.’
|
He said that he
was busy.
|
|
02
|
She said, ‘I am
unwell.’
|
She said that she
was unwell.
|
|
03
|
I said, ‘I
will be late.’
|
I said that I
would be late.
|
|
04
|
They said, ‘We
will not permit this.’
|
They said that they
would not permit that.
|
|
05
|
We said, ‘We
need to buy some clothes.’
|
We said that we
needed to buy some clothes.
|
- Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’
|
He
told me that I had to go with him.
|
|
02
|
She
said to me, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told me that I could go.
|
|
03
|
She
said to him, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told him that he could go.
|
- Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
said, ‘She is a good girl.’
|
He
said that she was a good girl.
|
|
02
|
She
said, ‘They have invited us.’
|
She
said that they had invited them.
|
|
03
|
They
said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’
|
They
said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.
|
4.
Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
Now
|
Then
|
|
02
|
To
day
|
That
day
|
|
03
|
Tomorrow
|
The
next day
The day after The following day A day later |
|
04
|
Next
...
|
The
... after
The following ... |
|
05
|
Last
...
|
The
... before
The Previous ... |
|
06
|
...
ago
|
...
before
... earlier |
|
07
|
Yesterday
|
The
day before
The previous day The preceeding day |
|
08
|
The
day before yesterday
|
Two
day before
|
|
09
|
Here
|
There
|
|
10
|
This
|
That
|
|
11
|
These
|
Those
|
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
|
(+)
|
He
said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”
|
He
said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
|
|
(-)
|
He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” |
He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. |
|
(?)
|
He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” |
He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. |
|
(?)
|
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? |
He
asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
|
|
(!)
|
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!” |
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
|
(!)
|
He
ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”
|
He
ordered me not to bring my bag there.
|
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